학명: Alliaria petiolata (Marschall von Bieberstein) Cavara &Grande, Bull
분류: 십자화과(Brassicaceae)
중국어명: 葱芥
사진: 170505 인천항구
아래: 2018.05.28 위의 장소
아래 : 2022.05.02 위의 장소
Alliaria petiolata (Marschall von Bieberstein) Cavara &Grande, Bull. Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli. 3: 418. 1913.
葱芥 cong jie
(학명 이명)
Arabis petiolata Marschall von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 126. 1808; Alliaria officinalis Andrzejowski ex Marschall von Bieberstein; Erysimum alliaria Linnaeus; Sisymbrium alliaria (Linnaeus) Scopoli.
(설명)
Herbs biennial, with garlicy smell when crushed. Stems erect, (15-)30-90(-130) cm tall, simple or branched above, glabrous or pilose basally with trichomes to 1.5 mm. Basal leaves rosulate, withered by fruiting; petiole 3-10(-16) cm; leaf blade reniform or cordate, (0.6-)1.5-5(-7) cm wide, shorter in length, base cordate, margin crenate or dentate, glabrous or pilose. Cauline leaves with much shorter petioles, ovate, cordate, or deltoid, to 15 × 15 cm, base cordate or truncate, margin acutely to obtusely toothed, apex acute. Racemes ebracteate or rarely lowermost flowers bracteate. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, (2-)3-10(-15) mm, nearly as thick as fruit. Sepals oblong, (2-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 0.7-1.5 mm. Petals white, oblanceolate, (2.5-)4-8(-9) × (1.5-)2-3(-3.5) mm, attenuate to clawlike base. Filaments 2-3.5(-4.5) mm; anthers oblong, 0.7-1 mm. Fruit linear, (2-)3-7(-8) cm × 1.2-2.5 mm, subtorulose, quadrangular or subterete, divaricate-ascending; valves glabrous; style (0.2-)1-2(-3) mm. Seeds brown or black, narrowly oblong, 2-4.5 × 0.7-2 mm, longitudinally striate. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 36, 42.
Waste places, roadsides, fields, woodlands, river banks. Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; native to SW Asia and Europe; naturalized elsewhere].
퍼온 세밀화
위키 설명
Alliaria petiolata is a biennial flowering plant in the Mustard family, Brassicaceae. It is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northwestern Africa, from Morocco, Iberia and the British Isles, north to northern Scandinavia, and east to northern Pakistan and western China (Xinjiang).[citation needed]
In the first year of growth, plants form clumps of round shaped, slightly wrinkled leaves, that when crushed smell like garlic. The next year plants flower in spring, producing cross shaped white flowers in dense clusters. As the flowering stems bloom they elongate into a spike-like shape. When blooming is complete, plants produce upright fruits that release seeds in mid-summer. Plants are often found growing along the margins of hedges, giving rise to the old British folk name of Jack-by-the-hedge. Other common names include Garlic Mustard, Garlic Root, Hedge Garlic, Sauce-alone, Jack-in-the-bush, Penny Hedge and Poor Man's Mustard. The genus name Alliaria, "resembling Allium", refers to the garlic-like odour of the crushed foliage. Some people give the species name Alliaria officinalis for this plant.
All parts of the plant, including the roots, give off a strong odour. In 17th century Britain it was recommended as a flavouring for salt fish. It can also be made into a sauce for eating with roast lamb or salad. Early European settlers brought the herb to the New World to use as a garlic type flavoring, and as a good source of vitamins A and C. The herbs medicinal purposes include use as a disinfectant, a diuretic, and sometimes being used to treat gangrene and ulcers. The herb was also planted as a form of erosion control.
The plant is classified as an invasive species in North America. Since being brought to the United States by settlers, it has naturalized and expanded its range to include most of the Northeast and Midwest, as well as southeastern Canada. It is one of the few invasive herbaceous species able to dominate the understory of North American forests and has thus reduced the biodiversity of many areas.
Description
It is a herbaceous biennial plant growing from a deeply growing, thin, white taproot that is scented like horseradish. In the first year, plants appear as a rosette of green leaves close to the ground; these rosettes remain green through the winter and develop into mature flowering plants the following spring. Second year plants grow from 30–100 cm (rarely to 130 cm) tall. The leaves are stalked, triangular to heart-shaped, 10–15 cm long (of which about half being the petiole) and 5–9 cm broad, with a coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring and summer in button-like clusters. Each small flower has four white petals 4–8 mm long and 2–3 mm broad, arranged in a cross shape. The fruit is an erect, slender, four-sided pod 4 to 5.5 cm long, called a silique, green maturing pale grey-brown, containing two rows of small shiny black seeds which are released when the pod splits open. A single plant can produce hundreds of seeds, which scatter as much as several meters from the parent plant.
Depending upon conditions, garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated by a variety of insects. Self-fertilized seeds are genetically identical to the parent plant, enhancing its ability to colonize an area where that genotype is suited to thrive.
Cultivation and uses
Garlic mustard is one of the oldest discovered spices to be used in cooking in Europe. Evidence of its use has been found from archeological remains found in the Baltic, dating back to 6100-5750 BP.
The chopped leaves are used for flavoring in salads and sauces such as pesto, and sometimes the flowers and fruit are included as well. These are best when young, and provide a mild flavour of both garlic and mustard. The seeds are sometimes used to season food directly in France. Garlic mustard was once used medicinally as a disinfectant or diuretic, and was sometimes used to heal wounds.
Sixty nine insect herbivores and seven fungi are associated with garlic mustard in Europe. The most important groups of natural enemies associated with garlic mustard were weevils (particularly the genus Ceutorhynchus), leaf beetles, butterflies, and moths, including the larvae of some moth species such as the Garden Carpet moth.
The small white flowers have a rather unpleasant aroma which attracts midges and hoverflies, although the flowers usually pollinate themselves. In June the pale green caterpillar of the orange tip butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines) can be found feeding on the long green seed-pods from which it can hardly be distinguished.
In North America, the plant offers no known wildlife benefits and is toxic to larvae of certain butterfly species that lay eggs on the plants, as it is related to native mustards. Native species, including two stem-mining weevils, a stem-mining fly, a leaf-mining fly, a scale insect, two fungi, and aphids (taxonomic identification for all species is pending) were found attacking garlic mustard in North America. However, their attacks were of little consequence to plant performance or reproduction of garlic mustard.
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출처:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliaria_petiolata