Silphium perfoliatum

학명 : Silphium perfoliatum L.

분류 : Asteraceae

Common Name : Cup plant

 

 

사진 : 2022.07.25 한택식물원

 

 

 

 

Silphium perfoliatum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1232. 1759.

Cup plant

 

Plants caulescent, 75–300 cm; fibrous rooted. Stems square, glabrous, hispid, or scabrous. Leaves: basal caducous; cauline usually opposite, rarely whorled (in 3s), petiolate or sessile; blades deltate, lanceolate, or ovate, 2–41 × 0.5–24 cm, bases attenuate or truncate (distal connate-perfoliate), margins entire, dentate, or bidentate, apices acuminate to acute, faces scabrous to hispid. Phyllaries 25–37 in 2–3 series, outer appressed, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces scabrous or hispid. Ray florets 17–35; corollas yellow. Disc florets 85–150 (–200); corollas yellow. Cypselae 8–12 × 5–9 mm; pappi 0.5–1.5 mm.

 

Varieties 2 (2 in flora): e North America.

 

 

1. Stems glabrous or sparsely scabrous; peduncles glabrous

  ....................................................  Silphium perfoliatum var. connatum

1.  Stems glabrous, hispid, or scabrous; peduncles usually scabrous to hispid

    .............................................       Silphium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum

 

 

영어 위키 

Description

 

Habitat and distribution

Silphium perfoliatum grows in sandy moist bottom lands, floodplains, near stream beds, in or adjacent to open woodland.[6] Currently, it can be found in the following states: USA (AL, AR, CT, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV), CAN (ON, QC) [8]

 

Silphium perfoliatum is listed as a threatened species in Michigan,[9] but is listed as a prohibited and highly invasive plant species in New York State.[10]

 

Morphology of the plant

The typical height of S. perfoliatum plant ranges from 1–2.5 m (3–8 ft). The stem is stout, smooth, slightly hairy (glabrous) strongly 4-angled square, like mint plants.[7] The leaves are opposite, toothed and ovate.[11] The petioles are widely winged and fused around the stem, forming a cup. The first flower develops on the tip of the main stem, then more flowers develop on side branches.[6]

 

Morphology of the flowers

The flowers, which appear from midsummer to autumn (fall),[7] look very similar to sunflowers, but are a lot smaller; measuring about 2.5 cm in diameter, with golden yellow ray florets. In the middle of the flower there are small, sterile, tubular disk florets,[5] which are structurally bisexual, but the stamens are the only fertile part, and they do not produce seeds. The corollas are tubular, 5-toothed, and the style is undivided.[12]

 

Generative reproduction

 

The ray florets have female characteristics,[6] and eventually develop to become thin brown achenes with a marginal wing utilized for wind dispersal. Insect pollinators including bees, butterflies, and skippers help to cross-fertilize flowers to produce seeds. 20 to 30 seeds are created in each flower head. Each seed is about 9 to 15 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, flattened in shape, with a thickness of 1 mm.[6]

 

Vegetative reproduction

Silphium perfoliatum is able to establish colonies due to its central taproot system and shallow rhizomes. A multi-rhizomed clone originating from a single seed is believed to be 15 years old. The roots found in botanical gardens have been estimated to be more than 50 years old.[13] S. perfoliatum has an extensive root system and does not transplant well except when very young.[6]

 

Habitat and hardiness

Silphium perfoliatum's metabolic pathway is the C3 carbon fixation. This plant is highly adapted to endure extreme weather and inhospitable conditions. For example, during the winter, the roots remain dormant and can survive temperatures as low as −30 °C (−22 °F). Its optimal growing temperature is 20 °C (68 °F).[6]

 

Uses

Use as energy crop

Silphium perfoliatum is considered a potential energy crop plant, especially because it has low demands on the climate, the soil and previous crop and produces high amounts of biomass. Based on the results of the Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture the plant can be an alternative plant for biogas production.[14] The annual biomass yields are very different according to the present literature: In the second cultivation year S. perfoliatumcan grow from 13 to 20 tons of biomass per hectare, an experiment done in Thüringen, Germany even showed that 18 to 28 tons of dry weight per hectare are possible.[15]

 

Silphium perfoliatum - Wikipedia