마디풀 sp.2

 

<전문가의 동정 기다립니다>

 

 

마디풀 종류(Polygonum)는 종 동정이 매우 까다롭다. 아직 이 속의 분류에 대해서는 모두가 수긍할 수 있는 국제적 합의가 이루어지지 않고 있으며 특히 우리나라에서는 이 속에 대해서는 별로 연구가 안 이루어진 듯 싶다.  아래 사진의 종에 대해서는 본 블로거로서는 우리나라에선 아직  보고되지 않은 종인 Polygonum aviculare Linnaeus subsp. neglectum (Besser) Arcangeli 로 보고 싶다. 아마튜어인 본 블로거로서는 전문가의 결론을 기다릴 뿐이다.

 

 

사진: 2016.10.21 인천 청라

 

 

 

동정에 최대한 도움이 될 수 있도록 비슷한 사진이지만 최대한 많이 올린다.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flora of North America 의 Polygonu속  검색표

 

1 Plants perennial, rhizomatous   1 Polygonum striatulum + Plants annual, not rhizomatous   (2)         2 (1) Leaves in distal part of inflorescence reduced, not overtopping flowers (shorter than or equaling flowers); inflorescences axillary and terminal, spikelike   (3) + Leaves in distal part of inflorescence overtopping flowers; inflorescences entirely axillary   (5)         3 (2) Achenes striate-tubercled   12 Polygonum patulum + Achenes smooth or roughened   (4)         4 (3) Margins of tepals pink, rarely red or white; achenes 1.3-2.3 mm   13 Polygonum argyrocoleon + Margins of tepals greenish yellow or yellow, rarely pink or white; achenes (2.3-)2.5-3.5 mm   4 Polygonum ramosissimum (in part)         5 (2) Proximal parts of ocreae pruinose   (6) + Proximal parts of ocreae not pruinose   (7)         6 (5) Distal parts of distal ocreae silvery, persistent; leaf blades glaucous, rugulose; perianth 2-3(-4) mm   6 Polygonum glaucum + Distal parts of ocreae hyaline, soon disintegrating into fibers or deciduous;leaf blades not glaucous, not rugulose; perianth 3.5-5.5 mm   7 Polygonum oxyspermum         7 (5) Achenes striate-tubercled, uniformly tubercled, or obscurely tubercled   (8) + Achenes smooth to roughened   (13)         8 (7) Plants green to bluish green; margins of tepals white, pink, or red   (9) + Plants light green or yellowish; margins of tepals green to yellow   (11)         9 (8) Achenes coarsely striate-tubercled   11 Polygonum aviculare (in part) + Achenes obscurely tubercled   (10)         10 (9) Plants dark brown to black after drying; distal part of ocreae dis-integrating into persistent fibers, brown   4 Polygonum ramosissimum (in part) + Plants green after drying (sometimes whitish from powdery mildew); distal part of ocreae persistent, silvery   11 Polygonum aviculare (in part)         11 (8) Perianth tube 40-55% of perianth length; tepals ± keeled; pedicels 1.3-1.8(-2) mm, enclosed in ocreae   3 Polygonum achoreum + Perianth tube 20-38% of perianth length; tepals not keeled; pedicels 2-7 mm, exserted from ocreae   (12)         12 (11) Leaf blades elliptic to obovate; distal parts of ocreae ± persistent, silvery; achenes striate-tubercled   2 Polygonum erectum + Leaf blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, rarely ovate; distal parts of ocreae soon disintegrating into persistent brown fibers; achenes uniformly tubercled   4 Polygonum ramosissimum (in part)         13 (7) Stems and leaf blades papillose-scabridulous; ocreae 1-veined   10 Polygonum plebeium + Stems and leaf blades glabrous; ocreae 4-12-veined. [14. Shifted to left margin.—Ed.]   (14)         14 (14) Leaves often opposite at proximal nodes; achenes 1.4-1.6(-2.2) mm; Yukon, N.W.T., Nunavut, Alaska 9 Polygonum humifusum   (14) + Leaves all alternate; achenes 1.6-4.5 mm; broad distribution (including Yukon, N.W.T., Nunavut, Alaska)   (15)         15 (14) Perianth tube 40-57% of perianth length   11 Polygonum aviculare (in part) + Perianth tube 18-38% of perianth length   (16)         16 (15) Achenes beaked at apex, edges strongly concave; stems sometimes zigzagged   8 Polygonum fowleri + Achenes not beaked at apex, edges straight; stems not zigzagged   (17)         17 (16) Plants homophyllous; pedicels 1-2 mm, enclosed in ocreae   4 Polygonum ramosissimum (in part) + Plants heterophyllous; pedicels 2-6 mm, mostly exserted from ocreae   (18)         18 (17) Plants subsucculent; leaf blade apices rounded; proximal parts of ocreae funnelform; flowers semi-open; cymes in axils of most leaves; California   5 Polygonum marinense + Plants not subsucculent; leaf blade apices acute to acuminate; proximal parts of ocreae cylindric; flowers closed; cymes crowded toward tips of branches; broad distribution in United States and Canada (including California)   4 Polygonum ramosissimum (in part)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Polygonum aviculare Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 362. 1753.

Doorweed, knotgrass, renouée des oiseaux

Plants green or bluish green, green after drying, sometimes whitish from powdery mildew, homophyl-lous or heterophyllous. Stems prostrate to erect, branched, flex-uous, 5-200 cm. Leaves: ocrea 3-15 mm, proximal part cylindric or ± funnelform, distal part silvery, hyaline, soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or nearly completely deciduous; petiole 0.3-9 mm; blade green to gray-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, 6-50(-60) × 0.5-22 mm, margins flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; stem leaves 1-4 times as long as adjacent branch leaves; distal leaves overtopping flowers. Inflorescences axillary; cymes uniformly distributed or aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 1-6(-8)-flowered. Pedicels enclosed in or exserted from ocreae, 1.5-5 mm. Flowers closed or semi-open; perianth 1.8-5.5 mm; tube 20-57% of perianth length; tepals overlapping or not, green or reddish brown with white, pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit; midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not; stamens 5-8. Achenes enclosed in or exserted from perianth, light to dark brown, ovate, (2-)3-gonous, 1.2-4.2 mm, faces subequal or unequal, apex not beaked, edges slightly concave, dull, usually coarsely striate-tubercled, sometimes obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common or not, 2-5 mm.

Subspecies 7+ (6 in the flora): nearly worldwide.

Polygonum aviculare is a taxonomically controversial polyploid complex of selfing annuals. Although members of the complex have been considered inbreeders, they possess some structures that make cross pollination possible. Cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, heterostyly, protandry, and the capacity to secrete nectar suggest an ancestral mixed-mating system. Isoenzyme studies showed that the complex has an allopolyploid origin (P. Meerts et al. 1998) and has evolved as a swarm of inbreeding lines (“Jordanons”) (J. Gasquez et al. 1978). The six subspecies included here have been treated variously (T. Karlsson 2000; M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). Complex intergradation patterns among them make their recognition at the species level impractical. Multivariate analysis and isoenzyme studies show that populations with intermediate characteristics may occur (Meerts et al. 1990, 1998). Except for subsp. boreale, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador, all subspecies are partially sympatric and their distributions have been influenced greatly by humans.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Meerts, P., T. Baya, and C. Lefèbvre. 1998. Allozyme variation in the annual weed species complex Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae) in relation to ploidy level and colonizing ability. Pl. Syst. Evol. 211: 239-256. Meerts, P., J.-P. Briane, and C. Lefèbvre. 1990. A numerical taxonomic study of the Polygonum aviculare complex (Polygonaceae) in Belgium. Pl. Syst. Evol. 173: 71-90. Styles, B. T.  1962. The taxonomy of Polygonum aviculare and its allies in Britain. Watsonia 5: 177-214.

1 Perianth tubes 40-57% of perianth length   (2) + Perianth tubes (15-)20-40(-42)% of perianth length. [3. Shifted to left margin.—Ed.]   (3)         2 (1) Tepals green or reddish brown, margins white, veins unbranched   11e subsp. depressum + Tepals green, margins usually pink or red, rarely white, veins branched   11d subsp. neglectum (in part)         3 (1) Perianths 3.3-5.5 mm; achenes 2.5-4.2 mm   (4) + Perianths 1.9-3.6 mm; achenes 1.2-2.8(-3) mm   (5)         4 (3) Plants heterophyllous; leaf blades elliptic to oblanceolate; tepals oblong, cucullate in fruit; cymes aggregated at tips of stems and branchs; broad distribution in North America   11a subsp. aviculare (in part) + Plants homophyllous or subheterophyllous; leaf blades obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate; tepals obovate, flat or curved outward in fruit; cymes ± uniformly distributed; Greenland, Newfoundland and Labrador   11b subsp. boreale         5 (3) Ocreae with distal parts relatively persistent, silvery; perianths 0.9-1.3(-1.5) times as long as wide, outer tepals pouched at base   11c subsp. buxiforme + Ocreae soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or leaving almost no fibrous remains; perianths 1.5-2.9 times as long as wide; outer tepals not pouched at base   (6)         6 (5) Leaf blades (6-)10-20 mm wide, 2-4.5 times as long as wide; cymes 3-8-flowered, aggregated at tips of stems and branches; achenes enclosed in or barely exserted from perianth   11a subsp. aviculare (in part) + Leaf blades 0.5-6.8(-8) mm wide, (3.4-)4.2-15(-19) times as long as wide; cymes 1-3(-5)-flowered, uniformly distributed along stems and branches; achenes usually exserted from perianth   (7)         7 (6) Ocreae 4-8 mm, veins inconspicuous, distal parts leaving almost no fibrous remains; lateral veins of leaf blades visible but not raised adaxially   11d subsp. neglectum (in part) + Ocreae (6-)8-12 mm, veins conspicuous, distal parts disintegrating into persistent fibers; lateral veins of leaf blades raised adaxially   11f subsp. rurivagum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Polygonum aviculare Linnaeus subsp. neglectum (Besser) Arcangeli, Comp. Fl. Ital. 583. 1882.

Narrow-leaf knotweed, renouée négligée

 

Polygonum neglectum Besser, Enum. Pl., 45. 1822; P. aequale Lindman subsp. oedocarpum Lindman; P. aviculare subsp. rectum Chrtek

 

Plants green, homophyllous or sometimes heterophyllous. Stems usually 1-7, procumbent to ascending, sometimes erect, mostly branched from base, (5-)15-60 cm. Leaves: ocrea (3-)4-8 mm, proximal part cylindric, distal part with inconspicuous veins, eventually disintegrating and leaving few or no fibrous remains; petiole (0.3-)1-3(-5.2) mm; blade green, lateral veins visible but not raised abaxially, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, (7.6-)12.2-34(-40) × 1.5-6.8(-8) mm, (3.4-)4.2-9.2 times as long as wide, apex acute or obtuse; stem leaves 1-2.7(-3.3) times as long as branch leaves. Cymes uniformly distributed along stems and branches, 1-3(-5)-flowered. Pedicels mostly enclosed in ocreae, 1.5-3 mm. Flowers: perianth (1.9-)2.3-3.4 mm, 1.6-2.6 times as long as wide; tube 28-48% of perianth length; tepals overlapping, spreading slightly as achene matures, green usually with pink or red, rarely white, margins, oblong, ± cucullate, outer tepals not pouched at base; veins branched, moderately to strongly thickened; stamens 7-8. Achenes exserted from perianth, dark brown, ovate, 3-gonous, 1.2-1.8 mm, faces unequal or, less often, subequal, flat to concave, apex with straight edges or somewhat bent toward narrow face, striate-tubercled or, rarely, obscurely so; late-season achenes uncommon, 2-3.7 mm. 2n = 40, 60.

 

  

 

 

 

Flowering Jun-Nov. Disturbed places; 0-1500 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Conn., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wyo.; Europe.

 

Subspecies neglectum has been reported from Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, and Wisconsin; those reports have not been confirmed.